Introductions
History of Ancient Philosophy
A very useful overview of the entire period of Greek philosophy, hosted by the University of Washington.
Greek Philosophy
Downloads and chat forums.
Pre-Socratics
Pre-Socratic Philosophy
Find out what it was all about before Socrates appeared on the scene.
Early Greek Philosophy
John Burnet’s classic book (pub. 1920), hosted by Peithô’s Web.
Aristotle On His Predecessors
The first book of his Metaphysics, translated by AE Taylor. Hosted by Peithô’s Web.
Thales (c.620 – c.546 BC)
Thales
Introduction and overview at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Thales of Miletus
Very short introduction, hosted by thebigview.com.
Thales: Fragments and Commentary
From Arthur Fairbanks (ed. and tr.), The First Philosophers of Greece (1898). Hosted by the History Department at Hanover College, Indiana.
Anaximander (c.610 – c.546BC)
Anaximander
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry.
Anaximander
Overview of his ideas. Hosted by Crandall University, New Brunswick, Canada.
Anaximander: Fragments and Commentary
From Arthur Fairbanks (ed. and tr.), The First Philosophers of Greece (1898). Hosted by the History Department at Hanover College, Indiana.
Anaximander Lecture
Lecture notes by S Marc Cohen of the University of Washington.
Anaximenes (fl.585BC, died c.528BC)
Anaximenes
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry.
Anaximenes
Overview of his ideas. Hosted by Crandall University, New Brunswick, Canada.
Anaximenes: Fragments and Commentary
From Arthur Fairbanks (ed. and tr.), The First Philosophers of Greece (1898). Hosted by the History Department at Hanover College, Indiana.
Anaximenes
Lecture notes by S Marc Cohen at the University of Washington.
Pythagoras (c.570 – c.490BC)
Pythagoras
Entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
The Complete Pythagoras
Internet version of Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie’s Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library (1920 – and see below), ed. Patrick Rousell.
Pythagorean Sources and Fragments
Selected fragments from The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library, comp. and tr. Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie (1920). Hosted by the spirasolaris website.
The Golden Verses of Pythagoras and Other Sources
electronic version of the book (pub. 1904, verses selected and arr. Florence M Firth, intro. by Annie Besant). Hosted by sacred-texts.com.
Pytharogas and the Pythagoreans: Fragments and Commentary
From Arthur Fairbanks The First Philosophers of Greece (1898). Hosted by the History Department at Hanover College, Indiana.
Xenophanes of Colophon (c.570 – c.475BC)
Xenophanes
Article from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Xenophanes
Overview of his ideas. Hosted by Crandall University, New Brunswick, Canada.
Xenophanes: Fragments and Commentary
From Arthur Fairbanks The First Philosophers of Greece (1898). Hosted by the History Department at Hanover College, Indiana.
Xenophanes of Colophon: Fragments
Google Books version of JH Lesher’s (1992) text and translation.
Heraclitus (c.535 – c.475 BC)
Heraclitus
Wikipedia entry.
Life of Heraclitus
From Diogenes Laertius’ classic Lives of the Philosophers, trans. CD Yonge [1853]. Hosted by Peithô’s Web.
Fragments (GWT Patrick [1888] translation)
Based on the Greek text by Bywater. Includes sources and contexts for each fragment. Hosted by Peithô’s Web.
Complete Philosophical Fragments (William Harris translation)
Hosted by Middlebury College, Vermont.
Fragments (Arthur Fairbanks [1898] translation)
Hosted by the History Department at Hanover College, Indiana.
Parmenides of Elea (fl. c.490 BC)
Parmenides
Entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
On Nature (Peri Physeos)
Ed. Allan F Randall from translations by David Gallop, Richard D. McKirahan, Jr., Jonathan Barnes, John Mansley Robinson and others. Hosted by elea.org.
Being is All There Is
Side by side English and Greek versions of On Nature, translated by Elpenor and hosted on Éllopos.net.
Parmenides and the Question of Being in Greek Thought
Study notes and discussion by Raul Corazzon. Hosted by formalontology.it.
Anaxagoras (c.500 – 429 BC)
Anaxagoras
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry.
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae
Discussion of his life and works by JJ O’Connor and EF Robertson. Hosted by the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of St Andrews.
Anaxagoras: Nous
Side by side English and Greek versions, translated by J Burnet and hosted by Éllopos.net.
Anaxagoras of Klazomenai
English translation of the extant fragments by J Burnet, with Burnet’s notes on Anaxagoras. Hosted by Peithô’s Web.
Zeno of Elea (c.490 – c.430 BC)
Zeno of Elea
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry.
Life of Zeno, the Eleatic
From Diogenes Laertius’ Lives of the Philosophers, trans. CD Yonge [1853]. Hosted by Peithô’s Web.
Zeno of Elea – biography
Excellent discussion of his life and works by JJ O’Connor and EF Robertson. Hosted by the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of St Andrews.
Empedocles (c. 490 – c.430 BC)
Empedocles
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry.
Life of Empedocles
From Diogenes Laertius’ Lives of the Philosophers, trans. CD Yonge [1853]. Hosted by Peithô’s Web.
Fragments (trans. John Burnet [1920])
Hosted by Peithô’s Web.
Empedocles of Agrigentum
Fragments – verse translation by William Ellory Leonard. Hosted by Peithô’s Web.
Leucippus (fl. 5th Century BC)
Leucippus
Entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Life of Leucippus
From Diogenes Laertius’ Lives of the Philosophers, trans. CD Yonge [1853]. Hosted by Peithô’s Web.
Democritus (c.460 – c.370 BC)
Democritus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry.
Democritus of Abdera
Discussion of his life and works by JJ O’Connor and EF Robertson. Hosted by the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of St Andrews.
Democritus: Fragments
Arranged by subject and hosted by humanisticthinkers.org.
Socrates Himself
Socrates
A brief synopsis of what little we know about him.
Xenophon: Apology of Socrates
Xenophon’s account of Socrates’ defence against charges of corrupting Athenian youth. Trans. HG Dakyns and hosted on classicreader.com. It is useful to compare this with Plato’s account (also called The Apology) below.
Xenophon: Memorabilia
Xenophon’s defence of Socrates, offering examples of Socrates’ conversations and actions, with occasional commentary. Trans. HG Dakyns and hosted on classicreader.com.
Plato
Introduction
Plato
Entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Plato and His Dialogues
Discussion by Bernard Suzanne, hosted on the special Plato and His Dialogues website. French version also available.
Works
Note: unless stated otherwise, all texts are trans. Benjamin Jowett (c.1892) and hosted on The Internet Classics Archive at the MIT.
c.380 BC
Apology
Plato’s account of the trial of Socrates for corrupting Athenian youth (see also Xenophon’s Apology, above).
Charmides, or Temperance
Euthydemus
Euthyphro
Gorgias
Ion
Laches, or Courage
Lysis, or Friendship
Meno
Protagoras
c.370 BC
Parmenides
c.360 BC
Cratylus
Critias
Crito
Laws
Phaedo
Phaedrus
Philebus
The Republic
The Seventh Letter
Sophist
Statesman
Symposium
Theaetetus
Timaeus
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Aristotle
Introduction
Aristotle
Entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Map of Aristotle’s Life
Hosted by concharto.org.
Works
Note: no copies of Aristotle’s books survive. The “books” below are believed to be surviving lecture notes, written by him and possibly his students. Note also that, unless otherwise stated, the works below are all hosted on The Internet Classics Archive at the MIT.
The Athenian Constitution
Trans. Sir Frederic G. Kenyon.
Categories
Trans. EM Edghill.
On Dreams
Trans. JI Beare.
On the Gait of Animals
Trans. ASL Farquharson.
On Generation and Corruption
Trans. HH Joachim.
On the Heavens
Trans. JL Stocks.
The History of Animals
Trans. D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson.
On Interpretation
Trans. EM Edghill.
On Longevity and Shortness of Life
Trans. GRT Ross.
On Memory and Reminiscence
Trans. JI Beare.
Metaphysics
Trans. WD Ross.
Meteorology
Trans. EW Webster.
On the Motion of Animals
Trans. D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson.
Nichomachean Ethics
Trans. WD Ross.
On the Parts of Animals
Trans. William Ogle.
Physics
Trans. RP Hardie and RK Gaye.
Poetics
Trans. SH Butcher.
Politics
Trans. Benjamin Jowett.
Posterior Analytics
Trans. GRG Mure.
Prior Analytics
Trans. AJ Jenkinson.
On Prophesying by Dreams
Trans. JI Beare.
Rhetoric
Trans. W Rhys Roberts.
On Sense and the Sensible
Trans. JI Beare.
On Sleep and Sleeplessness
Trans. JI Beare.
On Sophistical Refutations
Trans. WA Pickard-Cambridge.
On the Soul
Trans. JA Smith.
Topics
Trans. WA Pickard-Cambridge.
Virtues and Vices
Trans. H Rackham.
On Youth and Old Age, On Life and Death, On Breathing
Trans. GRT Ross.
Post-Aristotelian Philosophy
General Introductions
Post-Aristotelean Philosophy
Summation by William Turner of the Jacques Maritain Center at the University of Notre Dame, Australia.
The Ancient Greeks Part Three: Epicureans and Stoics
Good overview by Dr C George Boeree. Hosted by Shippensburg University, Pennsylvania.
Cynics, Skeptics, Stoics and Epicureans
from the “Macrohistory and World Report” website.
Stoicism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry.
Ancient Atomism
Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Crates of Thebes (c.365 – c.285BC)
Life of Crates
From Diogenes Laertius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.
Crates of Thebes
Wikipedia entry.
Epicurus (341 – 271BC)
Epicurus
Entry from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
The Life of Epicurus
Book X of Diogenes Laertius’ The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. Contains Epicurus’ Will, along with his Letters to Herodotus, Pythocles, and Menoeceus. Trans. Erik Anderson, 2006.
Epicurea
Hermann Usener’s (1887) collected fragments. Re-translated and arr. Erik Anderson, 2005 and 2006.
Zeno of Citium (334 – 262BC)
Zeno of Citium
Wikipedia entry.
Zeno of Citium
Robin Turner’s (1997) essay.
Fragments by Zeno of Citium
Excerpted from Hellenistic Philosophies (1923), trans. Paul Elmer More.
The Stoa
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on the birthplace of Stoicism.
Cleanthes (331 – 232 BC)
Cleanthes
Entry from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Life of Cleanthes
From Book VII of Diogenes Laertius’ The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, trans. CD Yonge (1853).
Hymn to Zeus
MAC Ellery’s (1976) trans. of Cleanthes’ only extant work. Hosted by the University of Texas.
Arcesilaus (316 – 241BC)
Arcesilaus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry.
Arcesilaus
From Book IV of Diogenes Laertius’ The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, trans. RD Hicks (1925).
Chrysippus (c.280 – 207BC)
Chrysippus
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry.
Life of Chrysippus
From Book VII of Diogenes Laertius’ The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, trans. CD Yonge (1853).
Phoenician Chrysippus of Soli
Essay on his life and works by Salim George Khalaf. Hosted by phoenicia.org.
Carneades (214 – c.128 BC)
Carneades
Entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Life of Carneades
From Book IV of Diogenes Laertius’ The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, trans. CD Yonge (1853).
Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 – 43BC)
Cicero
Entry from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Works by Cicero
Hosted by the Internet Classics Archive.
Lucretius (c.99 – c.50BC)
Lucretius
Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
What Lucretius Wrought
Essay at humanists.net.
On the Nature of Things (De rerum natura)
Trans. William Ellery Leonard (1928).
Julius Caesar (100 – 44BC)
Julius Caesar
Wikipedia entry.
Works by Julius Caesar
All trans. WA McDevitte and WS Bohn (1869) and hosted by the Internet Classics Archive.
Caesar Augustus (63BC – 14AD)
Augustus
Wikipedia entry.
The Deeds of the Divine Augustus (Res gestae divi augusti)
Trans. Thomas Bushnell, BSG, and hosted by the Internet Classics Archive.
(St) Paul of Tarsus (c.5BC – c.67AD)
Paul of Tarsus
Wikipedia entry.
Pauline Epistles
Wikipedia entry on the thirteen of his letters normally included in the New Testament.
Letters of St Paul
Description of and introduction to his letters, hosted by meandertravel.com.
Chronology of Paul’s Letters
By Kevin P Edgecomb (2002 – 2005).
Seneca the Younger (c.4BC – c.65AD)
Seneca
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry.
Moral Epistles
Trans. Richard M Gummere (1917-1925); hosted at stoics.com.
Moral Essays
Trans. John W Basore (1928-1935); hosted at stoics.com.
Marcus Aurelius (121 – 180AD)
Marcus Aurelius
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry.
The Meditations
Trans. George Long (1862); hosted by the Internet Classics Archive.
Plotinus (c.204 – 270AD)
Plotinus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry.
The Six Enneads
Trans. Stephen Mackenna and BS Page; hosted by the Internet Classics Archive.
Aurelius Augustinus (St Augustine of Hippo; 354 – 430AD)
Saint Augustine
Entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Works by St Augustine
Hosted by the Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
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